圖 Trie 堆疊
圖形
在電腦科學中，圖形是一種抽象資料型別，旨在實現數學中的無向圖和有向圖概念。圖形資料結構由有限（並且可能是可變的）頂點或節點或點組成，以及用於無向圖的一組無序的這些頂點對或用於有向圖的一組有序對。這些對被稱為用於無向圖的邊，弧或線，以及用於有向圖的箭頭，有向邊，有向弧或有向線。頂點可以是圖結構的一部分，或者可以是由整數索引或引用表示的外部實體。圖形資料結構還可以將每個邊緣值與某個邊緣值相關聯，例如符號標籤或數字屬性（成本，容量，長度等）。 （維基百科，來源 ）
//
// GraphFactory.swift
// SwiftStructures
//
// Created by Wayne Bishop on 6/7/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Arbutus Software Inc. All rights reserved.
//
import Foundation
public class SwiftGraph {
//declare a default directed graph canvas
private var canvas: Array<Vertex>
public var isDirected: Bool
init() {
canvas = Array<Vertex>()
isDirected = true
}
//create a new vertex
func addVertex(key: String) -> Vertex {
//set the key
let childVertex: Vertex = Vertex()
childVertex.key = key
//add the vertex to the graph canvas
canvas.append(childVertex)
return childVertex
}
//add edge to source vertex
func addEdge(source: Vertex, neighbor: Vertex, weight: Int) {
//create a new edge
let newEdge = Edge()
//establish the default properties
newEdge.neighbor = neighbor
newEdge.weight = weight
source.neighbors.append(newEdge)
print("The neighbor of vertex: \(source.key as String!) is \(neighbor.key as String!)..")
//check condition for an undirected graph
if isDirected == false {
//create a new reversed edge
let reverseEdge = Edge()
//establish the reversed properties
reverseEdge.neighbor = source
reverseEdge.weight = weight
neighbor.neighbors.append(reverseEdge)
print("The neighbor of vertex: \(neighbor.key as String!) is \(source.key as String!)..")
}
}
/* reverse the sequence of paths given the shortest path.
process analagous to reversing a linked list. */
func reversePath(_ head: Path!, source: Vertex) -> Path! {
guard head != nil else {
return head
}
//mutated copy
var output = head
var current: Path! = output
var prev: Path!
var next: Path!
while(current != nil) {
next = current.previous
current.previous = prev
prev = current
current = next
}
//append the source path to the sequence
let sourcePath: Path = Path()
sourcePath.destination = source
sourcePath.previous = prev
sourcePath.total = nil
output = sourcePath
return output
}
//process Dijkstra's shortest path algorthim
func processDijkstra(_ source: Vertex, destination: Vertex) -> Path? {
var frontier: Array<Path> = Array<Path>()
var finalPaths: Array<Path> = Array<Path>()
//use source edges to create the frontier
for e in source.neighbors {
let newPath: Path = Path()
newPath.destination = e.neighbor
newPath.previous = nil
newPath.total = e.weight
//add the new path to the frontier
frontier.append(newPath)
}
//construct the best path
var bestPath: Path = Path()
while frontier.count != 0 {
//support path changes using the greedy approach
bestPath = Path()
var pathIndex: Int = 0
for x in 0..<frontier.count {
let itemPath: Path = frontier[x]
if (bestPath.total == nil) || (itemPath.total < bestPath.total) {
bestPath = itemPath
pathIndex = x
}
}
//enumerate the bestPath edges
for e in bestPath.destination.neighbors {
let newPath: Path = Path()
newPath.destination = e.neighbor
newPath.previous = bestPath
newPath.total = bestPath.total + e.weight
//add the new path to the frontier
frontier.append(newPath)
}
//preserve the bestPath
finalPaths.append(bestPath)
//remove the bestPath from the frontier
//frontier.removeAtIndex(pathIndex) - Swift2
frontier.remove(at: pathIndex)
} //end while
//establish the shortest path as an optional
var shortestPath: Path! = Path()
for itemPath in finalPaths {
if (itemPath.destination.key == destination.key) {
if (shortestPath.total == nil) || (itemPath.total < shortestPath.total) {
shortestPath = itemPath
}
}
}
return shortestPath
}
///an optimized version of Dijkstra's shortest path algorthim
func processDijkstraWithHeap(_ source: Vertex, destination: Vertex) -> Path! {
let frontier: PathHeap = PathHeap()
let finalPaths: PathHeap = PathHeap()
//use source edges to create the frontier
for e in source.neighbors {
let newPath: Path = Path()
newPath.destination = e.neighbor
newPath.previous = nil
newPath.total = e.weight
//add the new path to the frontier
frontier.enQueue(newPath)
}
//construct the best path
var bestPath: Path = Path()
while frontier.count != 0 {
//use the greedy approach to obtain the best path
bestPath = Path()
bestPath = frontier.peek()
//enumerate the bestPath edges
for e in bestPath.destination.neighbors {
let newPath: Path = Path()
newPath.destination = e.neighbor
newPath.previous = bestPath
newPath.total = bestPath.total + e.weight
//add the new path to the frontier
frontier.enQueue(newPath)
}
//preserve the bestPaths that match destination
if (bestPath.destination.key == destination.key) {
finalPaths.enQueue(bestPath)
}
//remove the bestPath from the frontier
frontier.deQueue()
} //end while
//obtain the shortest path from the heap
var shortestPath: Path! = Path()
shortestPath = finalPaths.peek()
return shortestPath
}
//MARK: traversal algorithms
//bfs traversal with inout closure function
func traverse(_ startingv: Vertex, formula: (_ node: inout Vertex) -> ()) {
//establish a new queue
let graphQueue: Queue<Vertex> = Queue<Vertex>()
//queue a starting vertex
graphQueue.enQueue(startingv)
while !graphQueue.isEmpty() {
//traverse the next queued vertex
var vitem: Vertex = graphQueue.deQueue() as Vertex!
//add unvisited vertices to the queue
for e in vitem.neighbors {
if e.neighbor.visited == false {
print("adding vertex: \(e.neighbor.key!) to queue..")
graphQueue.enQueue(e.neighbor)
}
}
/*
notes: this demonstrates how to invoke a closure with an inout parameter.
By passing by reference no return value is required.
*/
//invoke formula
formula(&vitem)
} //end while
print("graph traversal complete..")
}
//breadth first search
func traverse(_ startingv: Vertex) {
//establish a new queue
let graphQueue: Queue<Vertex> = Queue<Vertex>()
//queue a starting vertex
graphQueue.enQueue(startingv)
while !graphQueue.isEmpty() {
//traverse the next queued vertex
let vitem = graphQueue.deQueue() as Vertex!
guard vitem != nil else {
return
}
//add unvisited vertices to the queue
for e in vitem!.neighbors {
if e.neighbor.visited == false {
print("adding vertex: \(e.neighbor.key!) to queue..")
graphQueue.enQueue(e.neighbor)
}
}
vitem!.visited = true
print("traversed vertex: \(vitem!.key!)..")
} //end while
print("graph traversal complete..")
} //end function
//use bfs with trailing closure to update all values
func update(startingv: Vertex, formula:((Vertex) -> Bool)) {
//establish a new queue
let graphQueue: Queue<Vertex> = Queue<Vertex>()
//queue a starting vertex
graphQueue.enQueue(startingv)
while !graphQueue.isEmpty() {
//traverse the next queued vertex
let vitem = graphQueue.deQueue() as Vertex!
guard vitem != nil else {
return
}
//add unvisited vertices to the queue
for e in vitem!.neighbors {
if e.neighbor.visited == false {
print("adding vertex: \(e.neighbor.key!) to queue..")
graphQueue.enQueue(e.neighbor)
}
}
//apply formula..
if formula(vitem!) == false {
print("formula unable to update: \(vitem!.key)")
}
else {
print("traversed vertex: \(vitem!.key!)..")
}
vitem!.visited = true
} //end while
print("graph traversal complete..")
}
}
特里
在電腦科學中，trie，也稱為數字樹，有時候是基數樹或字首樹（因為它們可以通過字首搜尋），是一種搜尋樹 - 一種有序的樹資料結構，用於儲存動態集或關聯鍵通常是字串的陣列。 （維基百科，來源 ）
//
// Trie.swift
// SwiftStructures
//
// Created by Wayne Bishop on 10/14/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Arbutus Software Inc. All rights reserved.
//
import Foundation
public class Trie {
private var root: TrieNode!
init(){
root = TrieNode()
}
//builds a tree hierarchy of dictionary content
func append(word keyword: String) {
//trivial case
guard keyword.length > 0 else {
return
}
var current: TrieNode = root
while keyword.length != current.level {
var childToUse: TrieNode!
let searchKey = keyword.substring(to: current.level + 1)
//print("current has \(current.children.count) children..")
//iterate through child nodes
for child in current.children {
if (child.key == searchKey) {
childToUse = child
break
}
}
//new node
if childToUse == nil {
childToUse = TrieNode()
childToUse.key = searchKey
childToUse.level = current.level + 1
current.children.append(childToUse)
}
current = childToUse
} //end while
//final end of word check
if (keyword.length == current.level) {
current.isFinal = true
print("end of word reached!")
return
}
} //end function
//find words based on the prefix
func search(forWord keyword: String) -> Array<String>! {
//trivial case
guard keyword.length > 0 else {
return nil
}
var current: TrieNode = root
var wordList = Array<String>()
while keyword.length != current.level {
var childToUse: TrieNode!
let searchKey = keyword.substring(to: current.level + 1)
//print("looking for prefix: \(searchKey)..")
//iterate through any child nodes
for child in current.children {
if (child.key == searchKey) {
childToUse = child
current = childToUse
break
}
}
if childToUse == nil {
return nil
}
} //end while
//retrieve the keyword and any descendants
if ((current.key == keyword) && (current.isFinal)) {
wordList.append(current.key)
}
//include only children that are words
for child in current.children {
if (child.isFinal == true) {
wordList.append(child.key)
}
}
return wordList
} //end function
}
（GitHub，來源 ）
堆
在電腦科學中，堆疊是一種抽象資料型別，用作元素的集合，有兩個主要操作：push，它向集合新增元素，pop，刪除最近新增的尚未刪除的元素。元素從堆疊中出現的順序產生了其替代名稱 LIFO（用於後進，先出）。另外，窺視操作可以在不修改堆疊的情況下訪問頂部。 （維基百科，來源 ）
請參閱下面的許可證資訊和原始程式碼源（ github ）
//
// Stack.swift
// SwiftStructures
//
// Created by Wayne Bishop on 8/1/14.
// Copyright (c) 2014 Arbutus Software Inc. All rights reserved.
//
import Foundation
class Stack<T> {
private var top: Node<T>
init() {
top = Node<T>()
}
//the number of items - O(n)
var count: Int {
//return trivial case
guard top.key != nil else {
return 0
}
var current = top
var x: Int = 1
//cycle through list
while current.next != nil {
current = current.next!
x += 1
}
return x
}
//add item to the stack
func push(withKey key: T) {
//return trivial case
guard top.key != nil else {
top.key = key
return
}
//create new item
let childToUse = Node<T>()
childToUse.key = key
//set new created item at top
childToUse.next = top
top = childToUse
}
//remove item from the stack
func pop() {
if self.count > 1 {
top = top.next
}
else {
top.key = nil
}
}
//retrieve the top most item
func peek() -> T! {
//determine instance
if let topitem = top.key {
return topitem
}
else {
return nil
}
}
//check for value
func isEmpty() -> Bool {
if self.count == 0 {
return true
}
else {
return false
}
}
}
麻省理工學院許可證（MIT）
版權所有（c）2015，Wayne Bishop＆Arbutus Software Inc.
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