使用 Generics 的介面

假設你要定義一個允許從不同型別的通道（例如 AMQP，JMS 等）釋出/使用資料的介面，但你希望能夠切換實現細節……

讓我們定義一個可以在多個實現中重用的基本 IO 介面：

public interface IO<IncomingType, OutgoingType> {

    void publish(OutgoingType data);
    IncomingType consume();
    IncomingType RPCSubmit(OutgoingType data);

}

現在我可以例項化該介面，但由於我們沒有這些方法的預設實現，因此在例項化它時需要實現：

    IO<String, String> mockIO = new IO<String, String>() {

        private String channel = "somechannel";

        @Override
        public void publish(String data) {
            System.out.println("Publishing " + data + " to " + channel);
        }

        @Override
        public String consume() {
            System.out.println("Consuming from " + channel);
            return "some useful data";
        }

        @Override
        public String RPCSubmit(String data) {
            return "received " + data + " just now ";
        }

    };

    mockIO.consume(); // prints: Consuming from somechannel
    mockIO.publish("TestData"); // Publishing TestData to somechannel
    System.out.println(mockIO.RPCSubmit("TestData")); // received TestData just now

我們也可以使用該介面做一些更有用的事情，假設我們想用它來包裝一些基本的 RabbitMQ 函式：

public class RabbitMQ implements IO<String, String> {

    private String exchange;
    private String queue;

    public RabbitMQ(String exchange, String queue){
        this.exchange = exchange;
        this.queue = queue;
    }

    @Override
    public void publish(String data) {
        rabbit.basicPublish(exchange, queue, data.getBytes());
    }

    @Override
    public String consume() {
        return rabbit.basicConsume(exchange, queue);
    }

    @Override
    public String RPCSubmit(String data) {
        return rabbit.rpcPublish(exchange, queue, data);
    }

}

假設我現在想要使用這個 IO 介面來計算自上次系統重啟以來訪問我網站的次數，然後能夠顯示總訪問次數 - 你可以這樣做：

import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;

public class VisitCounter implements IO<Long, Integer> {

    private static AtomicLong websiteCounter = new AtomicLong(0);
    
    @Override
    public void publish(Integer count) {
        websiteCounter.addAndGet(count);
    }

    @Override
    public Long consume() {
        return websiteCounter.get();
    }

    @Override
    public Long RPCSubmit(Integer count) {
        return websiteCounter.addAndGet(count);
    }
    
}

現在讓我們使用 VisitCounter：

    VisitCounter counter = new VisitCounter();

    // just had 4 visits, yay
    counter.publish(4);
    // just had another visit, yay
    counter.publish(1);

    // get data for stats counter
    System.out.println(counter.consume()); // prints 5

    // show data for stats counter page, but include that as a page view
    System.out.println(counter.RPCSubmit(1)); // prints 6

實現多個介面時，不能兩次實現相同的介面。這也適用於通用介面。因此，以下程式碼無效，並將導致編譯錯誤：

interface Printer<T> {
    void print(T value);
}

// Invalid!
class SystemPrinter implements Printer<Double>, Printer<Integer> {
    @Override public void print(Double d){ System.out.println("Decimal: " + d); }
    @Override public void print(Integer i){ System.out.println("Discrete: " + i); }
}