將 2D 陣列傳遞給函式

將 2d 陣列傳遞給函式似乎很簡單明瞭，我們樂意寫：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define ROWS 3
#define COLS 2

void fun1(int **, int, int);

int main()
{
  int array_2D[ROWS][COLS] = { {1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6} };
  int n = ROWS;
  int m = COLS;

  fun1(array_2D, n, m);

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

void fun1(int **a, int n, int m)
{
  int i, j;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, a[i][j]);
    }
  }
}

但編譯器，版本 4.9.4 中的 GCC，並不是很好。

$ gcc-4.9 -O3 -g3  -W -Wall -Wextra  -std=c11 passarr.c -o passarr
passarr.c: In function ‘main’:
passarr.c:16:8: warning: passing argument 1 of ‘fun1’ from incompatible pointer type
   fun1(array_2D, n, m);
        ^
passarr.c:8:6: note: expected ‘int **’ but argument is of type ‘int (*)[2]’
 void fun1(int **, int, int);

造成這種情況的原因有兩個：主要問題是陣列不是指標，第二個不便是所謂的指標衰減。將陣列傳遞給函式會將陣列衰減為指向陣列第一個元素的指標 - 在 2d 陣列的情況下，它會衰減到指向第一行的指標，因為 C 陣列是按行排序的。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define ROWS 3
#define COLS 2

void fun1(int (*)[COLS], int, int);

int main()
{
  int array_2D[ROWS][COLS] = { {1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6} };
  int n = ROWS;
  int m = COLS;

  fun1(array_2D, n, m);

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

void fun1(int (*a)[COLS], int n, int m)
{
  int i, j;
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, a[i][j]);
    }
  }
}

這是必要通過的行數，它們不能被計算出來。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define ROWS 3
#define COLS 2

void fun1(int (*)[COLS], int);

int main()
{
  int array_2D[ROWS][COLS] = { {1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6} };
  int rows = ROWS;

  /* works here because array_2d is still in scope and still an array */
  printf("MAIN: %zu\n",sizeof(array_2D)/sizeof(array_2D[0]));

  fun1(array_2D, rows);

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

void fun1(int (*a)[COLS], int rows)
{
  int i, j;
  int n, m;

  n = rows;
  /* Works, because that information is passed (as "COLS").
     It is also redundant because that value is known at compile time (in "COLS"). */
  m = (int) (sizeof(a[0])/sizeof(a[0][0]));
 
  /* Does not work here because the "decay" in "pointer decay" is meant
     literally--information is lost. */
  printf("FUN1: %zu\n",sizeof(a)/sizeof(a[0]));

  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, a[i][j]);
    }
  }
}

Version = C99

列數是預定義的，因此在編譯時固定，但當前 C 標準的前身（即 ISO / IEC 9899：1999，當前是 ISO / IEC 9899：2011）實現了 VLA（TODO：連結它）和雖然目前的標準使它成為可選項，但幾乎所有現代 C 編譯器都支援它（TODO：檢查 MS Visual Studio 現在是否支援它）。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/* ALL CHECKS OMMITTED!*/

void fun1(int (*)[], int rows, int cols);

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  int rows, cols, i, j;

  if(argc != 3){
     fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s rows cols\n",argv[0]);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  rows = atoi(argv[1]);
  cols = atoi(argv[2]);

  int array_2D[rows][cols];

  for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
      array_2D[i][j] = (i + 1) * (j + 1);
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, array_2D[i][j]);
    }
  }

  fun1(array_2D, rows, cols);

  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

void fun1(int (*a)[], int rows, int cols)
{
  int i, j;
  int n, m;

  n = rows;
  /* Does not work anymore, no sizes are specified anymore
  m = (int) (sizeof(a[0])/sizeof(a[0][0])); */
  m = cols;

  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, a[i][j]);
    }
  }
}

這不起作用，編譯器抱怨：

$ gcc-4.9 -O3 -g3  -W -Wall -Wextra  -std=c99 passarr.c -o passarr
passarr.c: In function ‘fun1’:
passarr.c:168:7: error: invalid use of array with unspecified bounds
       printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, a[i][j]);

如果我們通過將宣告更改為 void fun1(int **a, int rows, int cols) 來故意在函式呼叫中出錯，則會更清楚一些。這導致編譯器以不同但同樣模糊的方式抱怨

$ gcc-4.9 -O3 -g3  -W -Wall -Wextra  -std=c99 passarr.c -o passarr
passarr.c: In function ‘main’:
passarr.c:208:8: warning: passing argument 1 of ‘fun1’ from incompatible pointer type
   fun1(array_2D, rows, cols);
        ^
passarr.c:185:6: note: expected ‘int **’ but argument is of type ‘int (*)[(sizetype)(cols)]’
 void fun1(int **, int rows, int cols);

我們可以通過多種方式做出反應，其中之一就是忽略所有這些並做一些難以辨認的指標雜耍：

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/* ALL CHECKS OMMITTED!*/

void fun1(int (*)[], int rows, int cols);

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  int rows, cols, i, j;

  if(argc != 3){
     fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s rows cols\n",argv[0]);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  rows = atoi(argv[1]);
  cols = atoi(argv[2]);

  int array_2D[rows][cols];
  printf("Make array with %d rows and %d columns\n", rows, cols);
  for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
      array_2D[i][j] = i * cols + j;
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, array_2D[i][j]);
    }
  }

  fun1(array_2D, rows, cols);

  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

void fun1(int (*a)[], int rows, int cols)
{
  int i, j;
  int n, m;

  n = rows;
  m = cols;

  printf("\nPrint array with %d rows and %d columns\n", rows, cols);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, *( (*a) + (i * cols + j)));
    }
  }
}

或者我們做得對，並將所需資訊傳遞給 fun1。為此，我們需要重新排列 fun1 的引數：列的大小必須在陣列宣告之前。為了使其更具可讀性，保持行數的變數也改變了它的位置，現在是第一個。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/* ALL CHECKS OMMITTED!*/

void fun1(int rows, int cols, int (*)[]);

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  int rows, cols, i, j;

  if(argc != 3){
     fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s rows cols\n",argv[0]);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  rows = atoi(argv[1]);
  cols = atoi(argv[2]);

  int array_2D[rows][cols];
  printf("Make array with %d rows and %d columns\n", rows, cols);
  for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
      array_2D[i][j] = i * cols + j;
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, array_2D[i][j]);
    }
  }

  fun1(rows, cols, array_2D);

  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

void fun1(int rows, int cols, int (*a)[cols])
{
  int i, j;
  int n, m;

  n = rows;
  m = cols;

  printf("\nPrint array with %d rows and %d columns\n", rows, cols);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, a[i][j]);
    }
  }
}

對於一些認為變數順序無關緊要的人來說，這看起來很尷尬。這不是什麼大問題，只需宣告一個指標，讓它指向陣列。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/* ALL CHECKS OMMITTED!*/

void fun1(int rows, int cols, int **);

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  int rows, cols, i, j;

  if(argc != 3){
     fprintf(stderr,"Usage: %s rows cols\n",argv[0]);
     exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  rows = atoi(argv[1]);
  cols = atoi(argv[2]);

  int array_2D[rows][cols];
  printf("Make array with %d rows and %d columns\n", rows, cols);
  for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < cols; j++) {
      array_2D[i][j] = i * cols + j;
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, array_2D[i][j]);
    }
  }
  // a "rows" number of pointers to "int". Again a VLA
  int *a[rows];
  // initialize them to point to the individual rows
  for (i = 0; i < rows; i++) {
      a[i] = array_2D[i];
  }

  fun1(rows, cols, a);

  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}

void fun1(int rows, int cols, int **a)
{
  int i, j;
  int n, m;

  n = rows;
  m = cols;

  printf("\nPrint array with %d rows and %d columns\n", rows, cols);
  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    for (j = 0; j < m; j++) {
      printf("array[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, j, a[i][j]);
    }
  }
}