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  4. 使用 Objective-C 中的 NSURLSession 发送带有参数的 POST 请求

使用 Objective-C 中的 NSURLSession 发送带有参数的 POST 请求

Created: November-22, 2018

编码 POST 请求主体有两种常用方法：URL 编码（application / x-www-form-urlencoded）和表单数据（multipart / form-data）。大部分代码都很相似，但构建正文数据的方式却不同。

使用 URL 编码发送请求

无论你是小型应用程序的服务器，还是在拥有完整后端工程师的团队中工作，你都希望通过 iOS 应用程序与该服务器进行通信。

在下面的代码中，我们将编写一个参数字符串，目标服务器脚本将根据你的情况使用这些参数来执行更改。例如，我们可能想要发送字符串：

名称=布伦登和密码= ABCDE

当用户注册你的应用程序时，服务器可以将此信息存储在数据库中。

让我们开始吧。你将需要使用以下代码创建 NSURLSession POST 请求。

// Create the configuration, which is necessary so we can cancel cacheing amongst other things.
NSURLSessionConfiguration * defaultConfigObject = [NSURLSessionConfiguration defaultSessionConfiguration];
// Disables cacheing
defaultConfigObject.requestCachePolicy = NSURLRequestReloadIgnoringLocalCacheData;
NSURLSession * defaultSession = [NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration:defaultConfigObject delegate:self delegateQueue:[NSOperationQueue mainQueue]];

NSString * scriptURL = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"https://server.io/api/script.php"];
//Converts the URL string to a URL usable by NSURLSession
NSMutableURLRequest * urlRequest = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:[NSURL URLWithString:scriptURL]];
NSString * postDataString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"name=%@&password=%@", [self nameString], [self URLEncode:passwordString]];
[urlRequest setHTTPMethod:@"POST"];
[urlRequest setHTTPBody:[postDataString dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

NSURLSessionDataTask * dataTask = [defaultSession dataTaskWithRequest:urlRequest];
// Fire the data task.
[dataTask resume];

上面的代码刚刚创建并向服务器发出了 POST 请求。请记住，脚本 URL 和 POST 数据字符串会根据你的具体情况而变化。如果你正在阅读本文，你将知道如何填充这些变量。

你还需要添加一个执行 URL 编码的小方法：

- (NSString *)URLEncode:(NSString *)originalString encoding:(NSStringEncoding)encoding
{
    return (__bridge_transfer NSString *)CFURLCreateStringByAddingPercentEscapes(
        kCFAllocatorDefault,
        (__bridge CFStringRef)originalString,
        NULL,
        CFSTR(":/?#[]@!$&'()*+,;="),
        CFStringConvertNSStringEncodingToEncoding(encoding));
}

因此，当服务器完成处理此数据后，它将返回你的 iOS 应用程序。所以我们需要处理这个返回，但是怎么样？

我们使用事件驱动编程并使用 NSURLSession 的委托方法。这意味着当服务器发回响应时，这些方法将开始触发。以下 5 种方法是在整个 ENTIRE 请求中触发的方法，每次进行一次：

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session dataTask:(NSURLSessionDataTask *)dataTask didReceiveResponse:(NSURLResponse *)response
 completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionResponseDisposition disposition))completionHandler;

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session dataTask:(NSURLSessionDataTask *)dataTask didReceiveData:(NSData *)data;

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session task:(NSURLSessionTask *)task didCompleteWithError:(NSError *)error;

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session didReceiveChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition, NSURLCredential *))completionHandler;

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session task:(NSURLSessionTask *)task didReceiveChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition, NSURLCredential * _Nullable))completionHandler;

你将在下面看到上下文中使用的上述方法。感谢 Apple，他们的每个目的都是非常明显的，但我还是评论了他们的用途：

// Response handling delegates
- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session dataTask:(NSURLSessionDataTask *)dataTask didReceiveResponse:(NSURLResponse *)response
 completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionResponseDisposition disposition))completionHandler{
    // Handler allows us to receive and parse responses from the server
    completionHandler(NSURLSessionResponseAllow);
}

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session dataTask:(NSURLSessionDataTask *)dataTask didReceiveData:(NSData *)data{

    // Parse the JSON that came in into an NSDictionary
    NSError * err = nil;
    NSDictionary * jsonDict = [NSJSONSerialization JSONObjectWithData:data options:NSJSONReadingAllowFragments error:&err];

    if (!err){ // if no error occurred, parse the array of objects as normal
        // Parse the JSON dictionary 'jsonDict' here
    }else{ // an error occurred so we need to let the user know
        // Handle your error here
    }
}

// Error handling delegate
- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session task:(NSURLSessionTask *)task didCompleteWithError:(NSError *)error{
    if(error == nil){
        // Download from API was successful
        NSLog(@"Data Network Request Did Complete Successfully.");
    }else{
        // Describes and logs the error preventing us from receiving a response
        NSLog(@"Error: %@", [error userInfo]);

        // Handle network error, letting the user know what happened.
    }
}

// When the session receives a challenge (because of iOS 9 App Transport Security blocking non-valid SSL certificates) we use the following methods to tell NSURLSession "Chill out, I can trust me".
// The following is not necessary unless your server is using HTTP, not HTTPS

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session didReceiveChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition, NSURLCredential *))completionHandler{
    if([challenge.protectionSpace.authenticationMethod isEqualToString:NSURLAuthenticationMethodServerTrust]){
        if([challenge.protectionSpace.host isEqualToString:@"DomainNameOfServer.io"]){
            NSURLCredential * credential = [NSURLCredential credentialForTrust:challenge.protectionSpace.serverTrust];
            completionHandler(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeUseCredential,credential);
        }
    }
}

- (void)URLSession:(NSURLSession *)session task:(NSURLSessionTask *)task didReceiveChallenge:(NSURLAuthenticationChallenge *)challenge completionHandler:(void (^)(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeDisposition, NSURLCredential * _Nullable))completionHandler{
    if([challenge.protectionSpace.authenticationMethod isEqualToString:NSURLAuthenticationMethodServerTrust]){
        if([challenge.protectionSpace.host isEqualToString:@"DomainNameOfServer.io"]){
            NSURLCredential * credential = [NSURLCredential credentialForTrust:challenge.protectionSpace.serverTrust];
            completionHandler(NSURLSessionAuthChallengeUseCredential,credential);
        }
    }
}

就是这样了！ 这就是你在 iOS 9 中发送，接收和解析 API 请求所需的所有代码！ 好的……这是很多代码。但如果像上面那样正确实施，它将是失败安全的！ 确保始终处理上面建议的错误。

使用表单编码发送请求

URL 编码是一种广泛兼容的编码任意数据的方法。但是，上传二进制数据（如照片）的效率相对较低，因为每个非 ASCII 字节都会变为三字符代码。它也不支持文件附件，因此你必须将文件名和文件数据作为单独的字段传递。

假设我们想以有效的方式上传照片，实际上看起来像服务器端的文件。一种方法是使用表单编码。为此，请编辑创建 NSURLSession 的代码，如下所示：

UIImage * imgToSend;

// 2nd parameter of UIImageJPEGRepresentation represents compression quality. 0 being most compressed, 1 being the least
// Using 0.4 likely stops us hitting the servers upload limit and costs us less server space
NSData * imageData = UIImageJPEGRepresentation(imgToSend, 0.4f);

// Alternatively, if the photo is on disk, you can retrieve it with
// [NSData dataWithContentsOfURL:...]

// Set up the body of the POST request.

// This boundary serves as a separator between one form field and the next.
// It must not appear anywhere within the actual data that you intend to
// upload.
NSString * boundary = @"---------------------------14737809831466499882746641449";

// Body of the POST method
NSMutableData * body = [NSMutableData data];

// The body must start with the boundary preceded by two hyphens, followed
// by a carriage return and newline pair.
//
// Notice that we prepend two additional hyphens to the boundary when
// we actually use it as part of the body data.
//
[body appendData:[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"\r\n--%@\r\n",boundary] dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

// This is followed by a series of headers for the first field and then
// TWO CR-LF pairs.
[body appendData:[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"tag_name\"\r\n\r\n"] dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

// Next is the actual data for that field (called "tag_name") followed by
// a CR-LF pair, a boundary, and another CR-LF pair.
[body appendData:[strippedCompanyName dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];
[body appendData:[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"\r\n--%@\r\n", boundary] dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

// Encode the filename and image data as the "userfile" CGI parameter.
// This is similar to the previous field, except that it is being sent
// as an actual file attachment rather than a blob of data, which means
// it has both a filename and the actual file contents.
//
// IMPORTANT: The filename MUST be plain ASCII (and if encoded like this,
//            must not include quotation marks in the filename).
//
NSString * picFileName = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"photoName"];
NSString * appendDataString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Content-Disposition: form-data; name=\"userfile\"; filename=\"%@.jpg\"\r\n", picFileName];
[body appendData:[appendDataString dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];
[body appendData:[@"Content-Type: application/octet-stream\r\n\r\n" dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];
[body appendData:[NSData dataWithData:imageData]];

// Close the request body with one last boundary with two
// additional hyphens prepended **and** two additional hyphens appended.
[body appendData:[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"\r\n--%@--\r\n", boundary] dataUsingEncoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding]];

// Create the session
// We can use the delegate to track upload progress and disable cacheing
NSURLSessionConfiguration * defaultConfigObject = [NSURLSessionConfiguration defaultSessionConfiguration];
defaultConfigObject.requestCachePolicy = NSURLRequestReloadIgnoringLocalCacheData;
NSURLSession * defaultSession = [NSURLSession sessionWithConfiguration: defaultConfigObject delegate: self delegateQueue: [NSOperationQueue mainQueue]];

// Data uploading task.
NSURL * url = [NSURL URLWithString:@"https://server.io/api/script.php"];
NSMutableURLRequest * request = [NSMutableURLRequest requestWithURL:url];
NSString * contentType = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"multipart/form-data; boundary=%@",boundary];
[request addValue:contentType forHTTPHeaderField:@"Content-Type"];
request.HTTPMethod = @"POST";
request.HTTPBody = body;
NSURLSessionDataTask * uploadTask = [defaultSession dataTaskWithRequest:request];
[uploadTask resume];

这就像以前一样创建并触发 NSURLSession 请求，因此委托方法的行为方式完全相同。确保将图像发送到的脚本（位于变量 url 中的 url）期望图像并且可以正确解析它。