在其生命周期内取消引用指向变量的指针

int* foo(int bar)
{
    int baz = 6;
    baz += bar;
    return &baz; /* (&baz) copied to new memory location outside of foo. */
} /* (1) The lifetime of baz and bar end here as they have automatic storage   
   * duration (local variables), thus the returned pointer is not valid! */

int main (void)
{
    int* p;

    p = foo(5);  /* (2) this expression's behavior is undefined */
    *p = *p - 6; /* (3) Undefined behaviour here */

    return 0;
}

一些编译器有助于指出这一点。例如,gcc 警告:

warning: function returns address of local variable [-Wreturn-local-addr]

clang 警告:

warning: address of stack memory associated with local variable 'baz' returned 
[-Wreturn-stack-address]

对于上面的代码。但编译器可能无法在复杂的代码中提供帮助。

(1)返回对变量声明 static 的引用是已定义的行为,因为该变量在离开当前范围后未被销毁。

(2)根据 ISO / IEC 9899:20116.2.4§2,“当指向的对象到达其生命周期结束时,指针的值变得不确定。”

(3)取消引用函数 foo 返回的指针是未定义的行为,因为它引用的内存包含一个不确定的值。