按值傳遞按引用傳遞

許多人認為 Java 只是按值傳遞，但它比那更微妙。比較以下 C++和 Java 示例，以檢視許多型別的 pass-by-value（aka copy）和 pass-by-reference（aka alias）。

C++示例 （完整程式碼）

  // passes a COPY of the object
  static void passByCopy(PassIt obj) {
     obj.i = 22;  // only a "local" change
  }

  // passes a pointer
  static void passByPointer(PassIt* ptr) {
     ptr->i = 33;
     ptr = 0; // better to use nullptr instead if '0'
  }

  // passes an alias (aka reference)
  static void passByAlias(PassIt& ref) {
     ref.i = 44;
  }

  // This is an old-school way of doing it.
  // Check out std::swap for the best way to do this
  static void swap(PassIt** pptr1, PassIt** pptr2) {
     PassIt* tmp = *pptr1;
     *pptr1 = *pptr2;
     *pptr2 = tmp;
  }

Java 示例 （完整程式碼）

   // passes a copy of the variable
   // NOTE: in java only primitives are pass-by-copy
   public static void passByCopy(int copy) {
      copy = 33;  // only a "local" change
   }

   // No such thing as pointers in Java
   /*
   public static void passByPointer(PassIt *ptr) {
      ptr->i = 33;
      ptr = 0; // better to use nullptr instead if '0'
   }
   */

   // passes an alias (aka reference)
   public static void passByAlias(PassIt ref) {
      ref.i = 44;
   }

   // passes aliases (aka references),
   // but need to do "manual", potentially expensive copies
   public static void swap(PassIt ref1, PassIt ref2) {
      PassIt tmp = new PassIt(ref1);
      ref1.copy(ref2);
      ref2.copy(tmp);
   }