自定義例外

你不應該將原始值作為異常丟擲,而是使用標準異常類之一或建立自己的異常類。

擁有從 std::exception 繼承的自己的異常類是一個很好的方法。這是一個直接繼承自 std::exception 的自定義異常類:

#include <exception>

class Except: virtual public std::exception {
    
protected:

    int error_number;               ///< Error number
    int error_offset;               ///< Error offset
    std::string error_message;      ///< Error message
    
public:

    /** Constructor (C++ STL string, int, int).
     *  @param msg The error message
     *  @param err_num Error number
     *  @param err_off Error offset
     */
    explicit 
    Except(const std::string& msg, int err_num, int err_off):
        error_number(err_num),
        error_offset(err_off),
        error_message(msg)
        {}

    /** Destructor.
     *  Virtual to allow for subclassing.
     */
    virtual ~Except() throw () {}

    /** Returns a pointer to the (constant) error description.
     *  @return A pointer to a const char*. The underlying memory
     *  is in possession of the Except object. Callers must
     *  not attempt to free the memory.
     */
    virtual const char* what() const throw () {
       return error_message.c_str();
    }
    
    /** Returns error number.
     *  @return #error_number
     */
    virtual int getErrorNumber() const throw() {
        return error_number;
    }
    
    /**Returns error offset.
     * @return #error_offset
     */
    virtual int getErrorOffset() const throw() {
        return error_offset;
    }

};

舉例來說:

try {
    throw(Except("Couldn't do what you were expecting", -12, -34));
} catch (const Except& e) {
    std::cout<<e.what()
             <<"\nError number: "<<e.getErrorNumber()
             <<"\nError offset: "<<e.getErrorOffset();
}

由於你不僅僅是丟擲一個愚蠢的錯誤訊息,還有一些其他值來表示錯誤的確切含義,因此你的錯誤處理變得更加高效和有意義。

有一個異常類讓你可以很好地處理錯誤訊息:std::runtime_error

你也可以繼承此類:

#include <stdexcept>

class Except: virtual public std::runtime_error {
    
protected:

    int error_number;               ///< Error number
    int error_offset;               ///< Error offset
    
public:

    /** Constructor (C++ STL string, int, int).
     *  @param msg The error message
     *  @param err_num Error number
     *  @param err_off Error offset
     */
    explicit 
    Except(const std::string& msg, int err_num, int err_off):
        std::runtime_error(msg)
        {
            error_number = err_num;
            error_offset = err_off;
            
        }

    /** Destructor.
     *  Virtual to allow for subclassing.
     */
    virtual ~Except() throw () {}
    
    /** Returns error number.
     *  @return #error_number
     */
    virtual int getErrorNumber() const throw() {
        return error_number;
    }
    
    /**Returns error offset.
     * @return #error_offset
     */
    virtual int getErrorOffset() const throw() {
        return error_offset;
    }

};

請注意,我沒有從基類(std::runtime_error)覆蓋 what() 函式,即我們將使用基類的 what() 版本。如果你有進一步的議程,你可以覆蓋它。