结构化绑定

Version >= C++ 17

C++ 17 引入了结构化绑定,这使得处理多种返回类型变得更加容易,因为你不需要依赖 std::tie() 或进行任何手动元组解包:

std::map<std::string, int> m;

// insert an element into the map and check if insertion succeeded
auto [iterator, success] = m.insert({"Hello", 42});

if (success) {
    // your code goes here
}

// iterate over all elements without having to use the cryptic 'first' and 'second' names
for (auto const& [key, value] : m) {
    std::cout << "The value for " << key << " is " << value << '\n';
}

默认情况下,结构化绑定可以与 std::pairstd::tuple 以及非静态数据成员都是公共直接成员或明确基类成员的任何类型一起使用:

struct A { int x; };
struct B : A { int y; };
B foo();

// with structured bindings
const auto [x, y] = foo();

// equivalent code without structured bindings
const auto result = foo();
auto& x = result.x;
auto& y = result.y;

如果你将类型设置为类似元组,它也会自动使用你的类型。一个类似元组的类型有一个适当的 tuple_sizetuple_elementget 写的:

namespace my_ns {
    struct my_type {
        int x;
        double d;
        std::string s;
    };
    struct my_type_view {
        my_type* ptr;
    };
}

namespace std {
    template<>
    struct tuple_size<my_ns::my_type_view> : std::integral_constant<std::size_t, 3>
    {};

    template<> struct tuple_element<my_ns::my_type_view, 0>{ using type = int; };
    template<> struct tuple_element<my_ns::my_type_view, 1>{ using type = double; };
    template<> struct tuple_element<my_ns::my_type_view, 2>{ using type = std::string; };
}

namespace my_ns {
    template<std::size_t I>
    decltype(auto) get(my_type_view const& v) {
        if constexpr (I == 0)
            return v.ptr->x;
        else if constexpr (I == 1)
            return v.ptr->d;
        else if constexpr (I == 2)
            return v.ptr->s;
        static_assert(I < 3, "Only 3 elements");
    }
}

现在这个工作:

my_ns::my_type t{1, 3.14, "hello world"};

my_ns::my_type_view foo() {
    return {&t};
}

int main() {
    auto[x, d, s] = foo();
    std::cout << x << ',' << d << ',' << s << '\n';
}