Const 正确的函数参数

在 const-correct 函数中，所有传递的参考参数都被标记为 const，除非函数直接或间接地修改它们，防止程序员无意中改变他们不想改变的东西。这允许函数同时采用 const 和非 cv 限定的实例，反过来，当调用成员函数时，实例的 this 的类型为 const T*，其中 T 是类的类型。

struct Example {
    void func()       { std::cout << 3 << std::endl; }
    void func() const { std::cout << 5 << std::endl; }
};

void const_incorrect_function(Example& one, Example* two) {
    one.func();
    two->func();
}

void const_correct_function(const Example& one, const Example* two) {
    one.func();
    two->func();
}

int main() {
    Example a, b;
    const_incorrect_function(a, &b);
    const_correct_function(a, &b);
}

// Output:
3
3
5
5

虽然它的效果不如 const 正确的类设计那么明显（因为 const-correct 函数和 const-不正确的类会导致编译错误，而 const-正确的类和 const-错误的函数将正确编译），const 正确函数将捕获许多错误，这些错误会导致错误的函数泄漏，例如下面的错误。 [注意，如果 const 不正确的函数在预期非 const 实例时传递了 const 实例，则会导致编译错误。]

// Read value from vector, then compute & return a value.
// Caches return values for speed.
template<typename T>
const T& bad_func(std::vector<T>& v, Helper<T>& h) {
    // Cache values, for future use.
    // Once a return value has been calculated, it's cached & its index is registered.
    static std::vector<T> vals = {};

    int v_ind = h.get_index();               // Current working index for v.
    int vals_ind = h.get_cache_index(v_ind); // Will be -1 if cache index isn't registered.

    if (vals.size() && (vals_ind != -1) && (vals_ind < vals.size()) && !(h.needs_recalc())) {
        return vals[h.get_cache_index(v_ind)];
    }

    T temp = v[v_ind];

    temp -= h.poll_device();
    temp *= h.obtain_random();
    temp += h.do_tedious_calculation(temp, v[h.get_last_handled_index()]);

    // We're feeling tired all of a sudden, and this happens.
    if (vals_ind != -1) {
        vals[vals_ind] = temp;
    } else {
        v.push_back(temp);  // Oops.  Should've been accessing vals.
        vals_ind = vals.size() - 1;
        h.register_index(v_ind, vals_ind);
    }

    return vals[vals_ind];
}

// Const correct version.  Is identical to above version, so most of it shall be skipped.
template<typename T>
const T& good_func(const std::vector<T>& v, Helper<T>& h) {
    // ...

    // We're feeling tired all of a sudden, and this happens.
    if (vals_ind != -1) {
        vals[vals_ind] = temp;
    } else {
        v.push_back(temp);  // Error: discards qualifiers.
        vals_ind = vals.size() - 1;
        h.register_index(v_ind, vals_ind);
    }

    return vals[vals_ind];
}